LESSON 19
語彙ごい:Vocabulary
語彙 | 漢字 | 英語 |
だいすき | 大好き | very likeable; like very much |
たいせつな | 大切な | important; necessary |
たちいりきんし | 立入禁止 | No Entry; Off Limits; |
ちかく | 近く | near; vicinity; close to |
ちかづく | 近づく | to draw near; to get close |
キャット | Cat | |
ちゅうしゃじょう | 駐車場 | parking lot |
テニス | Tennis | |
てんきよほう | 天気予報 | weather forecast |
てんけん | 点検 | inspection; examination |
でんげん | 電源 | electrical power |
てんじ | 展示 | exhibition; display |
トイレ | Toilet | |
とおる | 通る | to go along; to pass through |
としょかん | 図書館 | Library |
となり | 隣 | next (to) |
トレーニングセンター | training center | |
ないよう | 内容 | contents |
にがい | 苦い | Bitter |
ぬぐ | 脱ぐ | to take off; to undress |
ぬれる | to get wet | |
ねこ | 猫 | Cat |
ねつ | 熱 | Heat; fever; temp., |
ばあい | 場合 | case; situation |
ばしょ | 場所 | place; location |
はっきり | clearly; plainly; distinctly | |
はらう | 払う | to pay |
ハンサム | handsome | |
びじゅつかん | 美術館 | art gallery; art museum |
ビデオ | Video | |
ひみつ | 秘密 | Secret |
フォークリフト | forklift | |
ふろ | 風呂 | bathtub; bathroom |
へやだい | 部屋代 | room rent |
ほかん | 保管 | charge; safekeeping; storage |
ほこう | 歩行 | Walking |
ほし | 星 | Star |
まど | 窓 | Window |
まもる | 守る | to keep; to abide; to obey |
めいれい | 命令 | order; command |
めいわく | 迷惑 | trouble; bother; annoyance |
もと | 元 | origin; source |
もどる | 戻る | to return; to go back |
やさしい | 優しい | kind; gentle; graceful |
ゆか | 床 | Floor |
ようぎしゃ | 容疑者 | suspect (person) |
ようせつ | 溶接 | weld; welding |
よぶ | 呼ぶ | to call out (to); to call |
らいしゅう | 来週 | Next week |
らっかぶつ | 落下物 | falling object |
ろうじん | 老人 | old person; senior citizen; the aged; the elderly |
JAPANESE ONOMATOPOEIC EXPRESSIONS
ぎゅっと- Holding and pressing with strong force.
It is also called “SQUEEZE”.
ぎゅっと V(押さえる、押さえつける、握る、
抱きしめる、絞る など)
1. ルッフィちゃんの写真を撮るから、
暴れないように
ぎゅっと押さえてて。
I’m going to take a picture of Luffy,
so hold her tightly so she doesn’t run wild.
じっくり- a manner of doing something calmly and slowly and politely.
Used in conjunction with various verbs.
じっくり(と)Verb (見る読む、書く、考える、
話し合う、味わう、話す など)
1. 硬い内容だと思っていたけど、じっくり読むと、なかなかおもしろい本だね。
I thought it was hard, but when I read/
look it carefully, it’s an interesting book.
どんどん- drumming (noise), rapidly, quickly, steadily, continuously, one after the other
どんどん(と)V (覚える、進む、~する など)
1. 朝は頭が冴えて、
どんどん漢字を覚えられる。
My mind is clear in the morning and can memorize more and more kanji.
すっかり- all; completely; totally; entirely
It is often used with various verbs
すっかり~ていた (しまった)。
すっかりV (忘れる)
1. 彼女は新しい恋人ができて、僕のこと
は すっかり忘れてしまったみたいだ。
She seems to have forgotten all about me because she had a new boyfriend.
GRAMMAR EXPLANATION
1. Verb可能形 (be able to / can ~)
*potential form
(可能動詞)かのうどうしis used in the same way as Vることができる. However,
(可能動詞)かのうどうし is more conversational.
可能形かのうけい (Potential Form)
I グループ Change “う” sound to “え” sound and add る |
辞書形 じしょけい |
可能形 かのうけい |
いう | いえる | |
まつ | まてる | |
つくる | つくれる | |
のむ | のめる | |
あそぶ | あそべる | |
はなす | はなせる | |
あるく | あるける | |
およぐ | およげる | |
II グループ Change る to られる |
||
みる | みられる | |
たべる | たべられる | |
III グループ Just memorize |
||
する | できる | |
くる | こられる |
*わかるwhich indicates the meaning of possibility itself, does not change into
わかれる。
* So you have 2 ways to express the meaning of ability or possibility in Japanese.
For example, the following 2 sentences mean the same thing like in No. 1 example…
“I can speak Japanese”.
例文:
1. 私は日本語を話すことができます。
or
私は日本語が話せます。
2. 母は日本料理が作れます。
My mother can cook Japanese dish.
3. 明日パーティーに行けません。
I can’t go to the party tomorrow.
4. リーさんは1キロ泳げます。
Mr. Lee can swim 1 kilometers.
やてみよう?!
Let’s find out your classmates can do?
例:スポーツ
A: どんなスポーツができますか?
B: テニスができます。
A: すごいね!
名前 | 料理 | スポーツ | 外国語 |
1. さん | |||
2. さん | |||
3. さん | |||
4. さん | |||
5. さん |
2. Verb て+もかまいません/
もかまわない
Noun でもかまいません/
でもかまわない
(it’s alright to; it doesn’t matter)
~てもかまいません・てもかまわない
is a polite expression used to seek or give permission. It is used in the same way as ~てもいい .
例文:
1. ここでタバコを吸ってもかまい
ませんか。
Is it alright if I smoke here?
2.
A: 黒いボールペンがないので
青いボールペンでもいいですか。
May I borrow this book for a day?
B: ええ、かまいませんよ。
Yes. I don’t mind. (even a blue ballpen)
3. 学生:先生、来週の月曜日、
休んでもかまいませんか。
Student: Teacher, do you mind if I take a day off next Monday?
先生:休んではだめです。
クイズがあるから。
Teacher: No, you cannot. Because we have a quiz.
4. 体の調子ちょうしが悪いなら、
早めに帰ってもかまいません。
If you’re not feeling well, it’s okey to leave early.
3. VてはいけないVちゃいけない
Vではいけない Vじゃいけない
(should not; must not)
~てはいけない
used to express prohibition or regulations.
~てはいけません is the polite form.
Note:
Both ~てはいけませんand ~ではだめですhave the same meaning but the latter is more informal, and colloquially it becomes “ちゃ/じゃだめです。
話 Vてちゃだめ / Vてじゃだめ
例文:
1. 人の手紙をよんではいけません。
You should not read someone’s letter.
2. ここではタバコを(吸)すっては
いけません/だめです。
You should not smoke here.
3. イスラム教は (豚肉)ぶたにくを
食べてはいけませんか。
Is it true that Islam is not supposed to eat pork?
(must not eat pork)
4. V ~なくてはいけない
(must do, have to do )
Vなてはいけない → Vなくちゃいけない
なくちゃいけない
is a casual form of
なくてはいけない、ないといけない、
なければいけない which is used to express necessity or obligation.
話 V~なきゃ
Difference between なければいけませんand なければなりません
In general, you can use either of the Japanese grammars as both of them have the same meaning. However, native Japanese use them with slight difference.
For ~なければいけません (~nakereba ikemasen) – you want to do something and you think that you have to do it.
For ~なければなりません(~nakereba narimasen) – you don’t want to do something but you have no choice and have to do it. So normally, this is used when you want to make excuses.
For example, your friend invites you to go for dinner with him/her. You can say the following…
すみません。明日は試験だから、今晩勉強しなければなりません。
I am sorry. There is an exam tomorrow, therefore I have to study tonight.
In fact, the Japanese grammar ~なければなりませんis more commonly used by native Japanese than ~なければいけません。
例文:
1. 寝る前に必ず歯を磨かなくてはなりません。
You must brush your teeth before going to bed.
2. (朝薬)あさくすりを飲ま
なければいけません。
You have to take the medicine in the morning.
3. あさって 試験がありますから、
よく勉強しないといけません。
Because I will have an exam next next day,
i have to study well.
やてみよう?!
1. 試験に合格するために、
__________________.
2. 明日までに、
__________________.
3. 頭が痛いから、
__________________.
5. Vない く+ てもかまわない
(it’s alright even if; it is ok not to)
~なくてもかまわない
is a phrase used to express absence of necessity or obligation.
It is used in the same way as
~なくてもいい but it is more formal.
例文:
1.
A. この薬を飲まなくてもいいですか。
苦くて…
Is it alright even if i stop drinking this medicine. It’s bitter…
B. もう熱が下がりましたから、
薬を飲まなくてもかまいませんよ。
Your temperature has got down so you don’t have to drink.
2.
A. この花には毎日水やるんですか。
Do I have to water this plant everyday.
B. いいえ、毎日やらなくても かまいませんよ。
1週間に2回ぐらいはけっこうです。
No. you don’t have to do it everyday.
Twice a week will do.
3. 休みの日行かなくてもかまいませんよ。
You don’t have to go on your rest day.
6. V ます + なさい (to do)
V ~なさいexpress a plain imperative used, for example, by teachers to their students, parents to their children.
例文:
1. 漢字かんじを何度なんども
練習れんしゅうしなさい。
Practice kanji many times.
2. もう起きる時間だよ。四時半だ。
起きなさい!
It’s time to get up. It’s half past four. Wake up!
3. 線の中に1・2・3・4の
答えを書きなさい.
Write 1・2・3・4 answers in the line.
7. (命令形)めいれいけい- Imperative form
vs.
(禁止形)きんしけい- Prohibitive form
命令形(meireikei) in Japanese, is rarely used this form during normal conversation as it may sound rude when use in a conversation. Sentence that end in imperative form are strong commands are usually used by men and in a form of signage. Adding [よ] at the end of the sentence softens the tone.
命令形
|
禁止形
|
|
Iグループ | Change the “u” sound into “e” sound | Dict. Form of verb + な |
言う | いえ | いう な |
待つ | まて | まつ な |
作る | つくれ | つくる な |
飲む | のめ | のむ な |
遊ぶ | あそべ | あそぶ な |
死ぬ | しね | しぬ な |
話す | はなせ | はなす な |
歩く | あるけ | あるく な |
急ぐ | いそげ | いそぐ な |
IIグループ | Change the “RU” to “RO” | Dict. Form of verb + な |
見る | みろ | みる な |
食べる | たべろ | たべる な |
出る | でろ | 出る な |
IIIグループ | Dict. Form of verb + な | |
しろ | する な | |
来る | こい | くる な |
1. How to make the (命令形)めいれいけい-
Imperative form of verbs.
Group I: Change the last sound of the ます(masu)-form into the sound of the え(e)-lines
Group II: Attach ろ(ro) to the ます-form
Group III: します(shimasu – do) becomes しろ(shiro)
& きます(kimasu –come) becomes こい(koi)
[NOTE]
Non-volitional verbs such as わかる(wakaru–to understand)、できる(dekiru –can, to be able to)、
ある(aru –to have; to be/exist (inanimate things),
etc. do not have imperative form
2. How to make the (禁止形)きんしけい
prohibitive form.
With every verb, attach なto the dictionary form.
USES OF THE IMPERATIVE & PROHIBITIVE FORMS
1. The imperative form is used to force a person to do & the prohibitive form is used to command a person not to do. Both have strong coercive connotations so much so that the use of these forms alone or at the end of an imperative sentence is very limited. In colloquial expressions, the use of either form is, in most cases, LIMITED to male speakers.
2. Both imperative & prohibitive forms are used alone or at the end of a sentence in the following instances:
(a) By a man senior in status or age to a person junior to him, or by a father to his child
早く寝ろ。(命令形)めいれいけい-Imperative form)
Go to bed early
遅れるな。(禁止形)きんしけい-Prohibitive form)
Don’t be late
(b) Between men who are friends. In this case, the particle よis OFTEN attached at the end of the sentence to soften the tone.
明日うちへ来い[よ]。(命令形)めいれいけい-Imperative form)
Come to my house tomorrow
あまり飲むな[よ]。(禁止形)きんしけい-Prohibitive form)
Don’t drink too much
(c) When there is not enough time to be very polite; e.g., when giving instructions to a large number of people in a factory or during an emergency, etc. Even in this case, they’re used ONLY by men senior in status or age.
逃げろ。(命令形め)いれいけい-Imperative form)
Run
エレベーターを使うな。
(禁止形)きんしけい-Prohibitive form)
Don’t use the elevator
(d) When a command is required during training many people or making students take exercise at schools & sports clubs.
休め。(命令形)めいれいけい-Imperative form)
Rest
休むな。(禁止形)きんしけい-Prohibitive form)
Don’t rest
(e) When cheering at sporting events. In this case the expressions below are SOMETIMES used by women as well
頑張れ。(命令形)めいれいけい-Imperative form)
Fight! / Do your best
負けるな。(禁止形)きんしけい-Prohibitive form)
Don’t lose!
(f) When a strong impact or brevity is required, as in a traffic sign or in a slogan
止まれ。(命令形)めいれいけい-Imperative form)
Stop
入るな。(禁止形)きんしけい-Prohibitive form)
Don’t enter
[NOTE]
V ます-form なさい is another imperative style. It’s used by parents to their children or by teachers to their students & is a little gentler than the imperative form. So women use this style instead of the imperative form. Yet it’s not used when speaking to a senior.