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LESSON 30

語彙(ごい) : VOCABULARY

 

おろしますI 折ろします Put down, lower;
  下ろします unload
とどけます II 届けます Deliver
せわをしますIII 世話をします Take care of
ろくおんします 録音します Record
わかします 沸かします To boil water
よります 寄ります To drop by
りようします 利用します To make use of
ほえます 吠えます To bark
うなります 唸ります To growl
わがまま() 我がまま Self-centered
なまいき() 生意気 Impertinent
いや()   Unwilling; reluctant
じゆうに 自由に Freely
じゅく Cram school
いいことですね   That’s good
しょくよく 食欲 Appetite
きず Wound, abrasion
やっきょく 薬局 Pharmacy
ふんいき 雰囲気 Atmosphere
かいふく 回復 Restoration
なべ Pot, saucepan
そで Sleeve
そでぐち 袖口 Armhole, cuff
まつげ 睫毛 Eyelash
まゆげ 眉毛 Eyebrow
まぶた Eyelid
せいと 生徒 Pupil
ファイル   File
〜かん 〜間 For; referring to duration

おいそがしい

ですか?

お忙しい

ですか?

Are you busy?

(used when talking to someone senior or older)

それまでに   By that time
かまいません   It’s alright; I don’t mind
たのしみます 楽し見ます Enjoy oneself
モチモチ   Soft, sticky
ニコニコ   Smiling cheerfully
がぶがぶ   Gulping down a drink

言い習わし(いいならわし)

出る杭は打たれる

(でるくいはうたれる)

The nail that sticks up will be hammered down.

The most commonly-known 言い習わしoutside of Japan is probably 出る杭は打たれる, which means that by standing out, you invite criticism.

 

案ずるより産むが易し

(あんずるよりうむがやすし)

Giving birth to a baby is easier than worrying about it

This is used as a reminder that often our fear is worse than the actual threat of danger.

 

知らぬが仏(しらぬがほとけ)

Not knowing is Buddha.

The best English meaning I can assign to this is “ignorance is bliss,” with bliss being Buddha in the Japanese version.

 

虎穴に入らずんば虎子を得ず

(こけつにいらずんばこじをえず)

If you don’t enter the tiger’s cave, you can’t catch its cub.

This has to be one of my favorites.

It expresses the same sentiment as “nothing ventured, nothing gained” in English, but literally translates as a perilous adventure with tigers and cubs—which paints a great picture of both the risk and the reward.

 

井の中の蛙大海を知らず

(いのなかのかわずたいかいをしらず)

A frog in a well does not know the great sea

This a wonderful way to express the idea of a person who’s satisfied to judge everything by their own narrow experience, remaining ignorant of the wide world outside.

 

 

鯛も一人はうまからず

(たいもひとりはうまからず)

Eaten alone, even sea bream loses its flavor

Even in modern Japanese, it’s believed that a significant part of the pleasure of eating is to sit around the table to share a meal with loved ones. This philosophy of hospitality, family time and shared meals takes on even more significance in our busy modern lives.

 

腹八分に医者いらず

(はらはちぶにいしゃいらず)

Eight-tenths full keeps the doctor away

This is just like our “an apple a day” saying, but I’d say the Japanese version is a little more helpful for long-term health. Beyond the simple mantra about eating in moderation, this Japanese idiom expresses the cultural taboo of excess in Japan.

 

 

明日のことを言うと天井のネズミが笑う

(あしたのことをいうとてんじょうのねずみがわらう)

If you speak of tomorrow, the rats in the ceiling will laugh.

This is one of the less concise idioms in Japanese, being a quite convoluted way to express a universal truth: The future is unpredictable. This is similar to the English saying, “we make our plans, and God laughs.”

 

 

明日は明日の風が吹く

(あしたはあしたのかぜがふく)

Tomorrow’s winds will blow tomorrow

Now, this is a truly beautiful proverb. It’s a hopeful phrase that means “tomorrow is a new day.”

 

 

雨降って地固まる

(あめふってじかたまる)

After rain falls, the ground hardens

This is yet another beautiful phrase coming straight from nature, with the same idea as in the English, “what doesn’t kill you makes you stronger

 GRAMMAR EXPLANATION

 

Causative Verbs – 使役形

Verbs conjugated into the causative form are used to indicate an action that someone makes happen. This verb is usually used in the context of making somebody do something. The really confusing thing about the causative verb is that it can also mean to let someone do something. A verb in the causative form can mean either making or letting someone do something.

The main particles we are dealing with in causative sentences are は, に, and を.

はis used to mark the subject of the sentence, which is the person who is making/letting someone do something.

Group 1 “U Ending Verbs”

Japanese Romaji English
Dictionary form 書く kaku write
Negative form 書かない kakanai don’t write
Causative form 書かせる kakaseru make/let write
Dictionary form 話す hanasu speak
Negative form 話さない hanasanai don’t speak
Causative form 話させる hanasaseru make/let speak

 

Group 2 “RU VERBS”

Japanese Romaji English
Dictionary form 食べる taberu eat
Negative form 食べない tabenai don’t eat
Causative form 食べさせる tabesaseru make/let eat
Dictionary form 見る miru see
Negative form 見ない minai don’t see
Causative form 見させる misaseru make/let see

 

Group III or IRREGULAR VERBS

Japanese Romaji English
Dictionary form する suru do
Negative form しない shinai don’t do
Causative form させる saseru make/let do
Dictionary form 来る kuru come
Negative form 来ない konai don’t come
Causative form 来させる kosaseru make/let come

 

 

Uses:

Compulsion

例:

1.  私は犬を走らせました。

I made the dog ran

2.  お母さんは子供に荷物を

持たせました。

The mother let the child to bring the

luggage.

 

Permission / Kindness

例:

1.  先生は子供たちを遊ばせました。

The teacher let the children to played.

2.  お母さんは子供たちに好き

なテレビゲームをやらせています。

The mother let the children to play television games.

 

Induction/Lead up to…

例:

1.  デクスターさんはおもしろい

ことをして学生たちを笑わせました。

Mr. Dexter made the students to laughed

by doing funny things.

 

 

Passive Verbs – 受身形

The passive is formed by using the verb to be + past participle. In Japanese, passive forms are more often used in articles and essays. The use of the passive form is often discouraged in English so it may take you a little while to get used to

 

Group 1 “U Ending Verbs”

Japanese Romaji English
1. 笑  ➝ 笑わ  ➝ 笑われる 1.  wara  ➝ warawa ➝                warawareru to laugh  ➝ to be laughed
2.  書  ➝ 書か  ➝ 書かれる 2.  ka  ➝ kaka  ➝                                kakareru to write  ➝ to be written
3.  泳  ➝ 泳が  ➝ 泳がれる 3.  oyo  ➝ oyoga  ➝                        oyogareru to swim  ➝ to be swum
4.  待  ➝ 待た  ➝ 待たれる 4.  ma  ➝ mata  ➝                             matareru to wait  ➝ to be waited
5.  遊  ➝ 遊ば  ➝ 遊ばれる 5.  aso  ➝ asoba  ➝                         asobareru to play  ➝ to be played
6.  盗  ➝ 盗ま  ➝ 盗まれる 6.  nusu  ➝ nusuma  ➝               nusumareru to steal  ➝ to be stolen

 

English

1.  to laugh

➝ to be laughed

1.  Unknown Deleted:

う (U)

2.  to write

➝ to be written

2.  Unknown Deleted:

く (KU)

3.  to swim

➝ to be swum

3.  Unknown Deleted:

ぐ (GU)

4.  to wait

➝ to be waited

4.  Unknown Deleted:

つ (TSU)

5.  to play

➝ to be played

5.   Unknown Deleted:

ぶ (BU)

6.  to steal

➝ to be stolen

6.  Unknown Deleted:

む (MU)

Group 2 “RU VERBS”

Japanese
食べる  ➝ 食べら  ➝ 食べられる
Romaji
taberu 
tabera 
taberareru
English
to eat 
to be eaten

 

Group III or IRREGULAR VERBS

Japanese
         するされる
        来る来られる
Romaji
          suru➝sareru
        kuru➝korareru
English
       to do  to be done

      to come  to be come

 

Uses:

Basic passive sentence with a phrase centered on the speaker’s (私)

 

例:

1.  母は私を起こしました。

My mother woke me up.

(usual sentence)

私は母に起こされました。

I was woken up by my mother.

(passive sentence)

2.  先生は私にいろいろなことを

聞きました。

My teacher asked me many things.

(usual sentence)

私は先生にいろいろなことを聞かれました。

I was asked many things by my  teacher.

(passive sentence)

Passive sentence where part of one’s body, property or related thing is acted upon.

例:

1.  犬は私の手を噛みました。

The dog bit my hand. (usual sentence)

私は犬に手を嚙まれた。

I was bitten by a dog. (passive sentence)

私の手は犬に嚙まれた。

My hand bitten a dog. (X sentence)

 

Passive sentence where one suffers damage or feel inconvenience.

例:

1.  どろぼうが入って、私は困りました。

I was in trouble when a thief got in.

どろぼうに入られて、私は困りました。

I was in trouble when I was robbed.

 

2.  となりの人が七階建てのマンション

を建てたので、私の家は暗くなりました。

My house got dark because the person next to me built a seven-story apartment.

となりの人に七階建てのマンションを建てられて、

私の家は暗くなりました。

My house got dark when a neighbor built

a seven-story apartment.

Passive sentence where the person who acts/acted is not specified or social fact is mentioned.

例:

1.  この寺は300年前に建てられました

This temple was built 300 years ago.

Using passive form to show politeness.

While we will go over various types of grammar that express a politeness level above the normal -masu/-desu forms in the next lesson, it is useful to know that using passive form is another more polite way to express an action. In Japanese, a sentence is usually more polite when it is less direct. For example, it is more polite to refer to someone by his or her name and not by the direct pronoun “you”. It is also more polite to ask a negative question than a positive one.  

                                                                                                (For example, しますか? vs. しませんか?)                                                                    In a similar sense, using the passive form makes the sentence less direct because the subject does not directly perform the action. This makes it sound more polite. Here is the same sentence in increasing degrees of politeness.

(1) どうする?– What will you do? (lit: How do?)

(2) どうしますか?– Regular polite.

(3) どうされますか?– Passive polite.

(4) どうなさいますか?– Honorific

                (to be covered next lesson)

(5) どうなさいますでしょうか?

                Honorific + a lesser degree of certainty.

Notice how the same sentence grows longer and longer as you get more and more indirect.

 

Examples:

1.  レシートはどうされますか?

What about your receipt?

(lit: How will you do receipt?)

 

2.  明日の会議に行かれるんですか?

Are you going to tomorrow’s meeting?

 

Causative Passive Verbs – 使役受身形

The causative-passive form is simply the combination of causative and passive conjugations to mean that the action of making someone do something was done to that person. This would effectively translate into, “[someone] is made to do [something]”. The important thing to remember is the order of conjugation. The verb is first conjugated to the causative and then conjugated into passive form.

How do you make a Japanese causative passive form verb

To create a saserareru させられる form verb you must first look at the verb in its specific verb group.

For group 1 the “iru / eru-verbs”  change the finalるwith させられる.

For group 2 the “u-verbs” change the verb to its negative plain form and swapないfor せられる.

For Group 3, well these are exceptions so just remember that:

するbecomes させられる

くるbecomes こさせられる

 

Look at the table below to see some real verbs being conjugated into the causative passive form. Pay close attention to their verb group.

Taberu 

たべる 

tabesaserareru 

たべさせる 

Nomu 

のむ 

nomaserareru 

飲ませられる

Suru 

する 

saserareru 

させられる 

kiku 

きく 

kikaserareru 

きかせられる 

yomu 

よむ

yomaserareru 

よませられる 

kaku 

かく 

kakaserareru 

かかせられる 

oyogu 

およぐ 

oyogaserareru 

およがせられる 

 

 Uses:

The causative passive sentence. One’s feeling of unhappiness is expressed.

  • A person acts reluctantly because he/she receives an order or instruction from someone.

例:

1.  毎日母に野菜を食べさせられる。

Every day, my mother forces me to eat vegetables.

2.  金曜日には家族のレストランで

     手伝わせられる。

On friday, i am forced to help out with the family restaurant.

3.  先生毎日宿題させられる
I am made to do homework everyday                                  by my teacher.

 

One cannot control one’s emotions because                        of an other person’s action.

1.  私は娘に心配させられました。

My daughter made me worry.

2.  私たちは時々宮本さんに

    びっくりさせられました。

We were sometimes surprised by  Mr. Miyamoto.

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